Note 2 - IFRS accounting principles

Basis for preparing the consolidated annual accounts

The group accounts for 2011 for SpareBank 1 SMN have been prepared in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) which have been given effect in Norway. These include interpretations from the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) and its predecessor, the Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC). The measurement base for both the parent bank and group accounts is historical cost with the modifications described below. The accounts are presented based on IFRS standards and interpretations mandatory for accounts presented as at 31 December 2011.

Implemented accounting standards and other relevant rule changes in 2011

As from January 2011 the Group has implemented new requirements in IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting as regards changes in business or financial factors that affect fair value measurement of an entity’s financial assets and liabilities, and as regards transfer between levels in the fair value hierarchy used to measure the fair value of financial instruments. In addition there is the possible reclassification of financial assets resulting from a change in the purpose or application of these assets. The Group has also implemented IFRIC 19 Extinguishing Financial Liabilities with Equity Instruments, and the new IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures. None of these standards has entailed any essential change in Group reporting.

New or revised accounting standards approved but not implemented in 2011

IAS 1 – ”Other comprehensive income” takes effect for accounting periods starting on 1 July 2012 or later. In the presentation of other comprehensive income items a distinction must be drawn between income items that will subsequently be reversed and those that will not be reversed.

IAS 19 – Employee Benefits was amended in June 2011. As a result, all deviations from estimates must be recognised in other comprehensive income as and when they arise (i.e. the corridor method is eliminated), and all costs of previous periods’ accumulation of pension rights must be immediately recognised in income. In addition, interest expenses and expected return on pension assets are replaced by a net amount of interest calculated by applying the discount rate to the net pension obligation (asset). The Group has yet to complete its analysis of the consequences of the amendments to IAS 19. This standard takes effect for accounting periods starting on 1 January 2013 or later.

IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments regulates the classification, measurement and accounting with regard to financial assets and financial liabilities and replaces the present IAS 39. According to the new standard financial assets will be split into two categories based on measurement method: fair value or amortised cost. For financial liabilities the requirements are largely identical to the current standard. The Group plans to apply IFRS 9 once the standard takes effect and is approved by the EU, probably for accounting periods starting on 1 January 2015 or later.

IFRS 10 – Consolidation is based on the present approach of applying the principle of control to determine whether a company is to be included in the group accounts of the parent company. The standard is expected to become applicable for accounting periods starting on 1 January 2013 and later.

IFRS 12 – Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities. The Group has not assessed the full impact of IFRS 12. The standard is likely to be implemented for accounting periods starting on 1 January 2013 or later.

IFRS 13 – Fair Value Measurement defines what is meant by fair value when the term is applied under IFRS, provides a uniform description of how fair value is determined under IFRS and defines the need for additional disclosure in the use of fair value. The standard does not expand the scope of fair value accountiong. The Group uses fair value as measuring criterion for certain assets and liabilities. The Group has not assessed the consequence of the new standard. IFRS 13 is expected to come into force for accounting periods starting on 1 January 2012 or later.

Presentation currency

The presentation currency is the Norwegian krone (NOK), which is also the Bank’s functional currency. All amounts are stated in millions of NOK unless otherwise specified.

Consolidation

The group accounts include the Bank and all subsidiaries which are not due for divestment in the near future and which are therefore to be classified as held for sale under IFRS 5. All undertakings controlled by the Bank, i.e. where the Bank has the power to control the undertaking’s financial and operational principles with the intention of achieving benefits from the undertaking’s activities, are regarded as subsidiaries. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which the bank has taken over control, and are deconsolidated at the date on which the bank relinquishes control. Mutual balance sheet items and all significant profit elements are eliminated.

Upon takeover of control of an enterprise (business combination), all identifiable assets and liabilities are recognised at fair value in accordance with IFRS 3. Apositive difference between fair value of the consideration and the fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill, while a negative difference is taken to income upon purchase. Accounting for goodwill after first-time recognition is described under the section on intangible assets.

The Bank has not applied IFRS 3 retrospectively to business combinations carried out prior to 1 January 2004.

All intra-group transactions are eliminated in the preparation of the group accounts. The minority’s share of the group result is presented on a separate line under pro fit after tax in the income statement. In the equity capital, the minority’s share is shown as a separate item.

Associated companies

Associated companies are companies in which the Bank has substantial influence. As a rule, influence is substantial where the Bank has an ownership interest of 20 per cent or more. Associated companies are accounted for by the equity capital method in the group accounts. The investment is initially recognised at acquisition cost and subsequently adjusted for change in the bank’s share of the associated undertaking’s net assets. The bank recognises its share of the result of the associated undertaking in its income statement. Associated companies are accounted for in the company accounts by the cost method.

Joint ventures

Joint ventures may take the form of jointly controlled operations, jointly controlled assets or jointly controlled entities. Joint control entails that the Bank by agreement exercises control together with other participants. The Bank accounts for jointly controlled operations and jointly controlled assets by recognising the bank’s proportional share of assets, liabilities and balance sheet items in the Bank’s accounts. Jointly controlled entities are accounted for by the equity capital method.

The Bank owns 17.74 per cent of Alliansesamarbeidet SpareBank 1 DA, the remaining ownership being divided between the SpareBank 1 Alliance and SpareBank 1 Gruppen.

SpareBank 1 Gruppen is owned by SpareBank 1 SR-Bank, SpareBank 1 SMN, Sparebank 1 Nord-Norge and Samarbeidende Sparebanker, each with a 19.5 per cent stake. Other owners are Sparebanken Hedmark (12 per cent) and the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions (10 per cent). Bank 1 Oslo Akershus was demerged from SpareBank 1 Gruppen in 2010 and has the same ownership structure as SpareBank 1 Gruppen.

The Bank also owns 17.84 per cent of SpareBank 1 Boligkreditt and 37.3 per cent of SpareBank 1 Næringskreditt.

SpareBank 1 SMN owns 33 per cent of BN Bank. Other owners are SpareBank 1 Nord-Norge (23.5 per cent), SpareBank 1 SR-Bank (23.5 per cent) and Samarbeidende Sparebanker Bankinvest AS (20 per cent).

The governance structure for SpareBank 1 collaboration is regulated by an agreement between the owners. The Group classifies its participation in the above-mentioned companies as investments in jointly controlled entities and accounts for them by the equity method.

Loans and loan losses

Loans are measured at amortised cost in keeping with IAS 39. Amortised cost is acquisition cost less repayments of principle, plus or minus cumulative amortisation resulting from the effective interest rate method, with deductions for any value fall or loss likelihood. The effective interest rate is the interest rate which precisely discounts estimated future cash in- or out-payments over the financial instrument’s expected lifetime.

Fixed interest loans to customers are recognised at fair value. Gains and losses due to changes in fair value are recognised in the income statement as value changes. Accrued interest and premiums/discounts are recognised as interest. Interest rate risk on fixed interest loans is managed through interest rate swaps which are recognised at fair value. It is the Group’s view that recognising fixed interest loans at fair value provides more relevant information on balance sheet values.

Repossessed assets

As part of its treatment of defaulted loans and guarantees, the Bank in a number of cases takes over assets furnished as security for such exposures. Upon repossession the assets are valued at their presumed realisable value. Any deviation from the carrying value of a defaulted or written down exposure upon takeover is classified as a loan write-down. Repossessed assets are carried according to type. Upon final disposal, the deviation from carrying value is entered in profit or loss based on the asset’s type in the accounts.

Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations

Assets which the Board of Directors of the bank has decided to sell are dealt with under IFRS 5. This type of asset is for the most part assets taken over in connection with bad loans, and investment in subsidiaries held for sale. In the case of assets which are initially depreciated, depreciation ceases when a decision is taken to sell. In the case of acquired limited companies, assets and liabilities are incorporated in the balance sheet under ‘other assets’ and ‘other liabilities’ and are specified in notes. Profit/loss is included under ‘other operating income’. Amounts that are significant are presented on a separate line as held for sale.

Valuation of loan impairments

At each balance sheet date the Group considers whether objective evidence exists that a financial asset or group of financial assets have suffered value impairment.

The value of individual financial assets has been impaired if, and only if, objective evidence of value impairment exists which is likely to reduce future cash flows to service the exposure. Value impairment must be a result of one or more events occurring after first-time recognition (a loss event), and it must be possible to measure the result of the loss event(s) reliably. Objective evidence of value impairment of a financial asset includes observable data which come to the Group’s knowledge on the following loss events:

• significant financial difficulties on the part of the issuer or borrower
• breach of contract, such as failure to pay instalments and interest
• the Group grants the borrower special terms in light of financial or legal aspects of the borrower’s situation
• the debtor is likely to start debt negotiation or other financial restructuring
• active markets for the financial asset are closed due to financial problems
• observable data indicating a measurable reduction in future cash flows from a group of financial assets since first-time recognition, even if the reduction cannot yet be fully identified to an individual financial asset in the Group including:
• an unfavourable development in payment status for borrowers in the Group
• national or local economic conditions correlating with defaults of assets in the Group

The Group assesses first whether individual objective evidence exists that individually significant financial assets have suffered value impairment. In the case of financial assets which are not individually significant, the objective evidence of value impairment is assessed on an individual or collective basis. Should the Group decide that no objective evidence exists of value impairment of an individually assessed financial asset, significant or not, that asset is included in a group of financial assets sharing the same credit risk characteristics.

Value impairment of groups of financial assets is measured by the trend in rating for such groups. This is done by measuring negative migration and change in expected loss.

Determining customer migration involves continuous assessment of the creditworthiness of every single customer in the Bank’s credit assessment systems.

In the case of events that have occurred but have yet to be reflected in the Bank’s portfolio monitoring systems, the need for impairment write-downs is estimated group-wise using stress test models.

Assets that are individually tested for value impairment, and where value impairment is identified, or is still being identified, are not included in an overall assessment of value impairment.

Where there is objective evidence of value impairment, the size of the impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying value and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred), discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. The carrying value of the asset is reduced through a provision account and the loss is recognised in the income statement.

Non-performing/potential problem loans

The overall exposure to a customer is regarded as non-performing and is included in the Group’s lists of non-performing exposures once instalment and interest payments are 90 days or more past due or credit lines are overdrawn by 90 days or more. Loans and other exposures which are not non-performing but where the customer’s financial situation makes it likely that the Group will incur loss, are classified as potential problem loans.

Value impairment of loans recognised at fair value

At each balance sheet date of the Group assesses whether evidence exists that a financial asset or group of financial assets recognised at fair value is susceptible to value impairment. Losses due to value impairment are recognised in the income statement in the period in which they arise.

Actual losses

Where the balance of evidence suggests that losses are permanent, losses are classified as actual losses. Actual losses covered by earlier specified loss provisions are reflected in such loss provisions. Actual losses not covered by loss provisions, as well as surpluses and deficits in relation to earlier loss provisions, are recognised in the income statement.

Leases

Financial leases are entered under the main item “loans” in the balance sheet and accounted for at amortised cost. All fixed revenues within the lease’s expected lifetime are included when computing the effective interest.

Securities and derivatives

Securities and derivatives comprise shares and units, money market instruments and bonds, and derivative currency and interest-rate instruments. Shares and units are classified either at fair value through profit/loss or as available for sale. Money market instruments and bonds are classified at fair value through profit/loss, loans and receivables or in the category held to maturity. Derivatives are invariably recognised at fair value through profit/loss unless they are earmarked as hedging instruments.

All financial instruments classified at fair value through profit/loss are measured at fair value, and change in value from the opening balance is recognised as revenue from other financial investments. Financial assets held for trading purposes are characterised by frequent trading and by positions being taken with the aim of short-term gain. Other such financial assets classified at fair value through profit/loss are investments defined upon initial recognition as classified at fair value through profit/loss (fair value option).

Shares and units classified as available for sale are also measured at fair value, but the change in value from the opening balance is recognised in the comprehensive income statement and is accordingly included in other comprehensive income. Shares which cannot be reliably measured are valued at cost price under IAS 39.46 c). Routines for ongoing valuation of all share investments have been established. These valuations are carried out at differing intervals in relation to the size of the investment.

Money market instruments and bonds classified as loans and receivables or held to maturity are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method; see the account of this method under the section on loans. The Bank has availed itself of the opportunity to reclassify parts of the bond portfolio from fair value through profit/loss to the category held to maturity as of 1 July 2008. This is in accordance with the changes in IAS 39 and IFRS 7 adopted by IASB in October 2008. The write-downs undertaken are reversed over the portfolio’s residual maturity and recognised as interest income in addition to current coupon interest. See also the note on bonds.

Norwegian State Finance Fund

Hybrid capital raised through the State Finance Fund, and redeemed in 2010, is presented together with other subordinated debt.

Swap arrangement

The government stimulus package allowing residential bonds to be exchanged for government securities is presented on a gross basis in accordance with IAS 32.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets mainly comprise goodwill in the SpareBank 1 SMN Group. Other intangible assets will be recognised once the conditions for entry in the balance sheet are present. Goodwill arises as the difference between the fair value of the consideration upon purchase of a business and the fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities; see description under Consolidation. Goodwill is not amortised, but is subject to an annual depreciation test with a view to revealing any impairment, in keeping with IAS 36. Testing for value impairment is done at the lowest level at which cash flows can be identified.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment – apart from investment properties and owner-occupied properties – are initially recognised at acquisition cost and thereafter depreciated on a linear basis over expected lifetime. When a depreciation plan is set up, the individual assets are, to the extent necessary, split up into components with differing lifetimes, and account is taken of estimated residual value. Property, plant and equipment which are individually of minor significance, for example PCs and other office equipment, are not valued individually for residual value, lifetime or value impairment, but are valued as groups. According to the definition in IAS 40, owner-occupied property is property which is mainly utilised by the Bank or its subsidiaries for their own purposes. Owner-occupied property is accounted for by the cost method, in keeping with IAS 16.

Property, plant and equipment which are depreciated are subject to a depreciation test in keeping with IAS 36 when circumstances so indicate.

Property held in order to earn rentals or for capital appreciation is classified as investment property and is measured at fair value in keeping with IAS 40. The calculation of fair value is updated at each closing of the accounts and is based on discounted cash flows. The required rate of return takes into account the interest rate level, general risk present in the real estate market and risk that is specific to the individual property. Rentals and operating expenses and the effect of value changes related to investment properties are presented separately in a note to the accounts. Where investment properties are concerned, the value change from the opening balance is recognised in other operating income.

Write-down

Amounts recorded on the Bank’s balance sheet are reviewed on the balance sheet date for any indications of value impairment. Should such indications be present, an estimate is made of the asset’s recoverable amount.

Each year on the balance sheet date recoverable amounts are computed on goodwill, assets with unlimited useful lifetime, and intangible assets not yet available for use, are computed. Write-down is undertaken when the recorded value of an asset or cash-flow-generating entity exceeds the recoverable amount. Write-downs are recognised in profit/loss. Write-down of goodwill is not reversed. In the case of other assets, write-downs are reversed where there is a change in estimates used to compute the recoverable amount.

Interest income and expenses

Interest income and expenses related to assets and liabilities which are measured at amortised cost are recognised in profit/loss on an ongoing basis using the effective interest rate method. Charges connected to interest-bearing funding and lending are included in the computation of effective interest rate and are amortised over expected lifetime. In the case of interest-bearing instruments measured at fair value, the market value will be classified as income from other financial investments. In the case of interest-bearing instruments classified as loans and receivables or held to maturity (HTM) and not utilised in hedging contexts, the premium/discount is amortised as interest income over the term of the contract.

Commission income and expenses

Commission income and expenses are generally accrued in step with the provision of the service. Charges related to interest-bearing instruments are not entered as commission, but are included in the calculation of effective interest and recognised in profit/loss accordingly. Consultancy fees accrue in accordance with a consultancy agreement, usually in step with the provision of the service. The same applies to ongoing management services. Fees and charges in connection with the sale or mediation of financial instruments, property or other investment objects which do not generate balance sheet items in the bank’s accounts are recognised in profit/loss when the transaction is completed. The bank receives commission from SpareBank 1 Boligkreditt and SpareBank 1 Næringskreditt corresponding to the difference between the interest on the loan and the funding cost achieved by Boligkreditt and Næringskreditt. This shows as commission income in the Bank’s accounts.

Transactions and holdings in foreign currency

Transactions in foreign currency are converted to Norwegian kroner at the transaction exchange rate. Gains and losses on executed transactions or on conversion of holdings of monetary items on the balance sheet date are recognised in profit/loss, unless they are recognised directly in equity based on hedging principles. Gains and losses on conversion of items other than monetary items are recognised in the same way as the appurtenant balance sheet item.

Hedge accounting

The Bank evaluates and documents the effectiveness of a hedge when first entered in the balance sheet. The Bank employs fair value hedging to manage its interest rate risk. In its hedging operations the bank protects against movements in the market interest rate. Changes in credit spread are not taken to account in respect of hedge effectiveness. The Bank’s fixed-interest loans are market valued based on the fair value option in IAS 39. Hedging of these loans is dealt with at portfolio level and credit spread is taken into account in the market valuation of the hedged object and the hedging instrument. In the case of fair value hedging, both the hedging instrument and the hedged object are recorded at fair value, and changes in these values from the opening balance are recognised in profit/loss.

Income taxes

Tax recorded in the profit and loss account comprises tax in the period (payable tax) and deferred tax. Period tax is tax calculated on the taxable profit for the year. Deferred tax is accounted for by the liability method in keeping with IAS12. In the case of deferred tax, liabilities or assets are calculated on temporary differences i.e. the difference between balance-sheet value and tax-related value of assets and liabilities. However, liabilities or assets are not calculated in the case of deferred tax on goodwill for which there is no deduction for tax purposes, nor on first-time-recognised items which affect neither the accounting nor the taxable profit.

In the case of deferred tax an asset is calculated on a tax loss carryforward. Assets in the case of deferred tax are recognised only to the extent that there is expectation of future taxable profits that enable use of the appurtenant tax asset. Withholding tax is presented as period tax. Wealth tax is presented as an operating expense in the Group accounts in conformity with IAS 12.

Deposits from customers

Customer deposits are recognised at amortised cost.

Debt created by issuance of securities

Loans not included in hedge accounting are initially recognised at acquisition cost. This is the fair value of the compensation received after deduction of transaction fees. Loans are thereafter measured at amortised cost. Any difference between acquisition cost and settlement amount at maturity is accordingly accrued over the term of loan using the effective rate of interest on the loan. The fair value option is not applied in relation to group debt.

Subordinated debt and hybrid capital

Subordinated debt ranks behind all other liabilities. Dated subordinated loans are eligible at 50 per cent of tier 1 capital for capital adequacy purposes, while perpetual subordinated loans are eligible at up to 100 per cent of tier 1 capital. Subordinated loans are classified as a liability in the balance sheet and are measured at amortised cost in the same way as other long-term loans.

Hybrid capital denotes bonds with a nominal interest rate, but the Bank is not obliged to pay interest in a period where dividends are not paid, and neither is the investor subsequently entitled to interest that has not been paid, i.e. interest does not accumulate. Hybrid capital is approved as an element of tier 1 capital up to limit of 15 per cent of aggregate tier 1 capital. Finanstilsynet (Norway FSA) can require hybrid capital to be written down in proportion with equity capital should the Bank’s tier 1 capital adequacy fall below 5 per cent or total capital adequacy falls below 6 per cent. Written-down amounts on hybrid capital must be written up before dividends can be paid to shareholders or before equity capital is written up. Hybrid capital is shown as other long-term debt at amortised cost.

Uncertain commitments

The Bank issues financial guarantees as part of its ordinary business. Loss assessments are made as part of the assessment of loan losses, are based on the same principles and are reported together with loan losses. Provisions are made for other uncertain commitments where there is a preponderant likelihood that the commitment will materialise and the financial consequences can be reliably calculated. Information is disclosed on uncertain commitments which do not meet the criteria for recognition in equity where such commitments are substantial. Restructuring expenses are provisioned in cases where the Bank has a contractual or legal obligation.

Pensions

The SpareBank 1 SMN Group has established various pension schemes for its staff. The pension schemes meet the requirements set for mandatory occupational pensions.

Defined benefit scheme

In a defined benefit scheme the employer is obliged to pay a future pension of a specified size. The calculation of pension costs is based on a linear distribution of the pension earned against the probable accumulated liability at retirement. The costs are calculated on the basis of the pension rights accrued over the year less the return on the pension assets. The pension obligation is calculated as the present value of estimated future pension benefits which per the accounts are deemed to have been earned as of the balance sheet date. When calculating the pension liability use is made of actuarial and economic assumptions with regard to longevity, wage growth and the proportion likely to take early retirement. The 10-year government bond rate, possibly corrected for relevant maturity of the liability, is used as the discount rate.

The Group uses a ‘corridor’ approach whereby estimate deviations are recognised over the average residual qualifying period if the deviation exceeds the higher of 10 per cent of the pension assets or 10 per cent of the pension liabilities.

Changes in pension plans are recognised at the time of the change. The pension cost is based on assumptions set at the beginning of the period and is classified as a staff cost in the accounts. Employer’s contribution is allocated on pension costs and pension liabilities.

The pension scheme is administered by a pension fund conferring entitlement to specific future pension benefits from age 67. The schemes include children’s pension and disability pension under further rules. The Group’s defined benefit pension scheme assures the majority of employees a pension of 68 per cent of final salary up to 12G. The defined benefit scheme is closed to new members.

Defined contribution

Under a defined contribution pension scheme the Group does not provide a future pension of a given size; instead the Group pays an annual contribution the employees’ collection pension savings. The Group has no further obligations regarding the labour contribution after the annual contribution has been paid. There is no allocation for accrued pension obligations under such schemes. Defined contribution schemes are directly expensed.

The Group has made a defined contribution pension scheme available to its employees since 1 January 2008.

Early retirement pension scheme (“AFP”)

The banking and financial industry has established an agreement on an early retirement pension scheme (“AFP”) for employees from age 62. The bank pays 100 per cent of the pension paid from age 62 to 64 and 60 per cent of the pension paid from age 65 to age 67. Admission of new retirees ceased with effect from 31 December 2010.

The Act relating to state subsidies in respect of employees who take out contractual pension in the private sector (AFP Subsidies Act) entered into force on 19 February 2010. Employees who take out AFP with effect in 2011 or later will receive benefits under the new scheme. The new AFP scheme represents a lifelong add-on to National Insurance and can be taken out from age 62. Employees accumulate AFP entitlement at an annual rate of 0.314 per cent of pensionable income capped at 7.1 G up to age 62. Accumulation under the new scheme is calculated with reference to the employee’s lifetime income, such that all previous working years are included in the qualifying basis.

For accounting purposes the new AFP scheme is regarded as a defined benefit multi-employer scheme. This entails that each employer accounts for its pro rata share of the scheme’s pension obligation, pension assets and pension cost. If no calculations of the individual components of the scheme and a consistent and reliable basis for allocation are available, the new AFP scheme will be accounted for as a defined-contribution scheme. At the present time no such basis exists, and the new AFP scheme is accordingly accounted for as a defined-contribution scheme. The new AFP scheme will only be accounted for as a defined-benefit scheme once reliable measurement and allocation can be undertaken. Under the new scheme, one-third of the pension expenses will be funded by the State, two-thirds by the employers. The employers’ premium will be fixed as a percentage of salary payments between 1 G and 7.1 G.

In keeping with the recommendation of the Norwegian Accounting Standards Board, no provision was made for the Group’s de facto AFP obligation. This is because the office coordinating the schemes run by the main employer and trade union organisations has so far not performed the necessary calculations.

Segment reporting

The Bank has the corporate market, retail market and capital markets, as well as the key subsidiaries, as its primary reporting format. The Group presents a sectoral and industry distribution of loans and deposits as its secondary reporting format. The Group’s segment reporting is in conformity with IFRS 8.

Dividends and gifts

Dividends on equity capital certificates and gifts are recognised as equity capital in the period to the declaration of dividends by the Bank’s Supervisory Board.

Events after the balance sheet date

The annual accounts are regarded as approved for publication once they have been considered by the Board of Directors. The Supervisory Board and regulatory authorities can thereafter refuse to approve the accounts, but not to change them. Events up to the time at which the accounts are approved for publication, and which relate to circumstances already known on the balance sheet date, will be included in the information base for accounting estimates and thus be fully reflected in the accounts. Events concerning circumstances that were not known on the balance sheet date will be illuminated if significant.

The accounts are presented on the going-concern assumption. In the view of the Board of Directors this assumption was met at the time the accounts were approved for presentation.

The Board of Directors’ proposal for dividends is set out in the Directors’ report and in the equity capital statement.